The nutritional control of the cow is very helpful for reproduction, and both excessive and poor conditions will have an adverse effect on reproduction.

In the case of over-nutrition, breeding cows are prone to obesity, showing dystocia.

Malnourished cows are thin, do not estrus or have pregnancy interruption after conception; pregnant cows with poor condition give birth to weak calves and very light weights.

Insufficient supply of energy and nutrition has a great impact on the re-breeding of pregnant cows after delivery, which manifests as non-estrus or infertility after mating. The low level of protein nutrition in the cow during pregnancy will reduce the reproductive rate, or the newborn calf will be lighter, or the cow will not be in heat for a long time after delivery.

The lack of elemental iodine can cause reproduction problems, weak calf production, stillbirth, or swelling of the calf's neck (goiter). The lack of vitamin A in the nutrition of pregnant females leads to weak calves or deformities, amblyopia or death of calves.