Differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle and sheep from other diseases.
With the development of society, people's pursuit of material life has become higher and higher, and the demand for food such as beef and mutton has also increased rapidly, which has greatly promoted the development of animal husbandry. However, various epidemics are prone to occur in large-scale breeding, among which foot-and-mouth disease is extremely contagious, which has a serious impact on the economic benefits of cattle and sheep breeding. Foot-and-mouth disease is mainly caused by the infection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle and sheep. It is a contagious and febrile infectious disease with a very high incidence, fast transmission speed and various transmission routes, which cause huge economic losses to farmers. Therefore, the World Health Organization lists foot-and-mouth disease as the top animal infectious disease, which has a great impact on the safety of livestock and livestock products in ranches in all regions of the world.
1 Epidemiology


1.1 Popular features


The disease originally originated in cattle, and the foot-and-mouth disease virus was parasitic in the secretions and excreta of affected cattle. After an animal is infected, at the initial stage of the disease, the bacteria have the strongest toxicity and the largest amount of detoxification. Moreover, the disease is extremely difficult to cure. Even if cured, the affected cattle will continue to detoxify in the following 4 to 6 months, and some of them suffer from steak poisoning for as long as 12 months. Foot-and-mouth disease has the characteristics of wide spreading area, severe disease, fast onset speed, etc. It can quickly spread in cattle and sheep on a large scale. There is no time limit for the onset of the disease. It can reach the peak of the disease in the spring and winter seasons; and young animals have the disease. The rate is relatively high, and the fatality rate is extremely high.


1.2 Typical symptoms


After cattle and sheep are infected with foot-and-mouth disease, a large number of blisters will appear in their mouths, udders, and hooves. After the conceived mother suffers from the disease, the pups born to them are prone to acute myocarditis, and the fatality rate is extremely high. The symptoms of foot-and-mouth disease are closely related to the disease resistance of cattle and sheep. After flocks are infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus, those with severe symptoms will have varying degrees of plaques and ulcers in the trachea, bronchus, and gastric mucosa, and large amounts of inflammation will appear in the mucosa of the fore-stomach, large and small intestines, and some sheep may even suffer from inflammation. Symptoms of myocardial softness appear.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus has a long incubation period in cattle. In the early stage of infection, the affected cattle will have symptoms such as a sudden increase in body temperature, loss of appetite, and listlessness. As the cattle's symptoms worsen, their oral symptoms will intensify. Diffuse damage to the mucosa of the oral cavity and digestive tract makes the affected cow unable to eat and seriously affects its growth and reproduction.


2 Differential diagnosis


2.1 Differential diagnosis


In the clinical diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease, it is easy to be misdiagnosed with stomatitis. Compared with the two, in the early stage of cattle and sheep suffering from stomatitis, small papules appeared on the nostrils and cheeks of the affected animals, accompanied by short-term mild heat, then the papules gradually turned red, and finally the lesion tissue necrosis, and the lesions become scars. If only stomatitis occurs, it will have little impact on cattle and sheep, and the lesions will gradually heal on their own without affecting the organs of the affected animals.


2.2 Diagnosis


According to the epidemic characteristics and typical symptoms of foot-and-mouth disease, it is usually possible to make a judgment without the aid of laboratory diagnosis. However, there are many types of common foot-and-mouth disease infections. In order to accurately determine the type of the pathogenic virus and give it symptomatic treatment, the blister skin (or blister fluid) of the mouth or hoof blisters of the affected cattle and sheep can be placed in glycerin normal saline (concentration of 50%) ), and send it to the relevant laboratory for complement fixation to identify the type of toxicity.


3 Preventive measures


3.1 Vaccination


Investigate in detail the history and type of local foot-and-mouth disease, comprehensively record and analyze the incidence of foot-and-mouth disease, formulate a corresponding vaccination plan, and select vaccination. At this stage, there are many types of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines on the market, and the effects are relatively significant, such as inactivated vaccines, high immune serum, synthetic peptide vaccines, etc., which need to be used rationally to effectively reduce the incidence of foot-and-mouth disease.


3.2 Disinfection management


Strengthen the environmental sanitation management of cattle and herd activities. According to the scale of breeding and breeding methods, a scientific disinfection plan is formulated for each detailed process in environmental management to completely destroy the growth environment of foot-and-mouth disease bacteria. At present, common disinfectants such as lime milk (10%), ammonia water (5%), and caustic soda solution (3%) on the market [4] can have significant effects in practical applications.
4 Treatment measures


4.1 Treatment and nursing


After the case appears, it is necessary to report the epidemic situation to the superior in time, and isolate it for diagnosis and treatment, disinfection or culling. Control the epidemic based on the principle of "early detection, early treatment, and early culling". After quarantining the affected animal, it is necessary to clarify the type of disease and treat it symptomatically. Bingboran powder (or iodine glycerin) can be applied to the surface of the oral cavity of the affected animal. For animals suffering from hoof infection, use a 3% odorous potion to apply to the hoof. After the ointment dries, apply ichthyol ointment and bandage the affected area; for breast infections, use 4% boric acid to clean the breasts, and Apply iodine glycerin and penicillin ointment to the affected area.


4.2 Follow-up treatment of affected animals


Animals that died and died should be incinerated in time and buried deeply, and harmless treatment should be completed in strict accordance with regulations. Clean and disinfect contaminated pens comprehensively and thoroughly to avoid infection of healthy herds with residual pathogens from dead bodies. After the affected animals have been harmlessly treated or cured, they need to report to the higher authorities, and professional quarantine personnel will inspect the regional epidemic situation and conduct a comprehensive disinfection treatment on the regional environment. After 15 days of isolation in the area, there is no abnormality before entering the normal breeding track.